Tool to analyze bigrams in a message. A bigram or digraph is an association of 2 characters, usually 2 letters, their frequency of appearance makes it possible to obtain information on a message.
Bigrams - dCode
Tag(s) : Cryptanalysis
dCode is free and its tools are a valuable help in games, maths, geocaching, puzzles and problems to solve every day!
A suggestion ? a feedback ? a bug ? an idea ? Write to dCode!
A bigram (or digram) is a pair of two characters, often 2 letters.
Example: AA or AB are bigrams
Bigrams are used in various encryptions in cryptography. There are 2 main modes of use of bigrams:
— A bigram may appear when a single character is encrypted by 2 characters.
Example: The Polybius cipher encodes each letter with a bigram representing coordinates in a grid. A can become BC
Encryptions that transforms grams into bigrams can be broken by retransforming then into a mono-alphabetic substitution.
— A bigram can come from the encryption of another bigram
Example: The Playfair cipher encodes the message by bigram by replacing it with another one. AB can become CD
The top 100 bigrams that appear in the english language are:
TH | 2.9% | HE | 2.48% | IN | 1.87% | ER | 1.73% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AN | 1.65% | RE | 1.38% | ES | 1.35% | ST | 1.19% |
ON | 1.17% | ND | 1.14% | EN | 1.13% | AT | 1.08% |
NT | 1.08% | ED | 1.04% | EA | 1.01% | TO | 1% |
OR | 0.96% | TI | 0.96% | HA | 0.94% | AR | 0.89% |
NG | 0.89% | IS | 0.89% | IT | 0.88% | TE | 0.88% |
OU | 0.85% | ET | 0.84% | OF | 0.82% | AL | 0.82% |
AS | 0.8% | LE | 0.74% | SE | 0.73% | HI | 0.72% |
SA | 0.68% | RA | 0.64% | RO | 0.64% | NE | 0.64% |
VE | 0.63% | ME | 0.62% | RI | 0.62% | SO | 0.6% |
DE | 0.59% | LL | 0.58% | TA | 0.58% | LI | 0.57% |
SI | 0.57% | EL | 0.55% | EC | 0.52% | CO | 0.52% |
NO | 0.52% | OT | 0.51% | MA | 0.5% | DI | 0.5% |
IC | 0.49% | LA | 0.49% | HO | 0.49% | OM | 0.48% |
TT | 0.48% | NA | 0.48% | SH | 0.47% | CH | 0.46% |
BE | 0.46% | SS | 0.46% | RT | 0.46% | EE | 0.45% |
EM | 0.45% | NS | 0.44% | RS | 0.44% | CE | 0.43% |
UR | 0.42% | EI | 0.41% | CA | 0.41% | IO | 0.41% |
AC | 0.4% | TS | 0.4% | DA | 0.39% | LO | 0.39% |
US | 0.39% | WA | 0.38% | NI | 0.38% | DT | 0.38% |
PE | 0.38% | FO | 0.38% | EW | 0.37% | UT | 0.37% |
WI | 0.36% | IL | 0.36% | EO | 0.36% | LY | 0.36% |
WH | 0.36% | AD | 0.35% | UN | 0.34% | OW | 0.34% |
TR | 0.34% | NC | 0.33% | FT | 0.33% | DO | 0.32% |
GE | 0.32% | EP | 0.32% | MO | 0.32% | WE | 0.31% |
In english, digram and bigram means are the same thing: a couple of two characters. Bigram is the most common term.
dCode retains ownership of the "Bigrams" source code. Any algorithm for the "Bigrams" algorithm, applet or snippet or script (converter, solver, encryption / decryption, encoding / decoding, ciphering / deciphering, breaker, translator), or any "Bigrams" functions (calculate, convert, solve, decrypt / encrypt, decipher / cipher, decode / encode, translate) written in any informatic language (Python, Java, PHP, C#, Javascript, Matlab, etc.) or any database download or API access for "Bigrams" or any other element are not public (except explicit open source licence like Creative Commons). Same with the download for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app.
Reminder: dCode is an educational and teaching resource, accessible online for free and for everyone.
The content of the page "Bigrams" and its results may be freely copied and reused, including for commercial purposes, provided that dCode.fr is cited as the source.
Exporting the results is free and can be done simply by clicking on the export icons ⤓ (.csv or .txt format) or ⧉ (copy and paste).
To cite dCode.fr on another website, use the link:
In a scientific article or book, the recommended bibliographic citation is: Bigrams on dCode.fr [online website], retrieved on 2025-04-24,